Īll bioluminescent fungi share the same enzymatic mechanism, suggesting that there is a bioluminescent pathway that arose early in the evolution of the mushroom-forming Agaricales. Conditions that affect the growth of fungi, such as pH, light and temperature, have been found to influence bioluminescence, suggesting a link between metabolic activity and fungal bioluminescence. In the second stage, reduced luciferin is oxidized by an insoluble luciferase that releases the energy in the form of bluish-green light. In the first, a light-emitting substance (called " luciferin") is reduced by a soluble reductase enzyme at the expense of NAD(P)H. Experimental data suggest that a two-stage mechanism is required. Īlthough the biochemistry of fungal bioluminescence has not fully been characterized, the preparation of bioluminescent, cell-free extracts has allowed researchers to characterize the in vitro requirements of fungal bioluminescence. In Roridomyces roridus luminescence occurs only in the spores, while in Collybia tuberosa, it is only in the sclerotia. Bioluminescence may occur in both mycelia and fruit bodies, as in Panellus stipticus and Omphalotus olearius, or only in mycelia and young rhizomorphs, as in Armillaria mellea. No correlation of fungal bioluminescence with cell structure has been found. The light emission is continuous and occurs only in living cells. īioluminescent fungi emit a greenish light at a wavelength of 520–530 nm. Armillaria mellea is the most widely distributed of the luminescent fungi, found across Asia, Europe, North America, and South Africa. The recently discovered Lucentipes lineage contains two species, Mycena lucentipes and Gerronema viridilucens, which belong to a family that has not yet been formally named.
The Omphalotus lineage (comprising the genera Omphalotus and Neonothopanus) contains 12 species, the Armillaria lineage has 10 known species, while the Mycenoid lineage ( Favolachia, Mycena, Panellus, Prunulus, Roridomyces) has more than 50 species. All known bioluminescent Agaricales are mushroom-forming, white-spored agarics that belong to four distinct evolutionary lineages.
Panellus stipticus, one of about 112 known species of bioluminescent fungiįound largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are more than 112 known species of bioluminescent fungi, all of which are members of the order Agaricales ( Basidiomycota) with one exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales.
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